Annals of Epidemiology
Volume 11, Issue 3 , Pages 157-165 , April 2001

Clustering of Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: The Longitudinal Relationship with Lifestyle

  • Jos W.R Twisk, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, EMGO-Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to: Dr. Jos WR Twisk, EMGO-Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, vd Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Han C.G Kemper, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, EMGO-Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • ,
  • Willem Van Mechelen, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, EMGO-Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    • Department of Social Medicine, EMGO-Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • ,
  • G.Bertheke Post, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, EMGO-Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Received 13 July 1998 ,Accepted 14 July 2000.

References 

  1. Manson JE, Tosteston H, Ridker PM, Satterfield S, Hebvert P, O'Connor GT, et al. The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1406–1416
  2. Webber LS, Voors AW, Srinivasan Frerichs RP Sr, Berenson GS . Occurrence in children of multiple risk factors for coronary heart disease (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Prev Med. 1979;8:407–418
  3. Khoury P, Morrison JA, Kelly K, Mellies M, Horvitz R, Glueck CJ. Clustering and interrelationships of coronary heart disease risk factors in schoolchildren, ages 6–19. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112:527–538
  4. Smoak CG, Burke GL, Webber LS, Harsha DW, Srinivasan RP, Berenson GS. Relation to obesity to clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and young adults. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;125:364–372
  5. Bao W, Srinivasan RP, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. Persistence of multiple cardiovascular risk clustering related to syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1842–1847
  6. Raitakari OT, Porkka KVK, Räsänen L, Rönnemaa T, Viikari JSA. Clustering and six year cluster-tracking of serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure in children and young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:1085–1093
  7. Genest JJ, McNamara JR, Salem DN, Schaefer EJ. Prevalence of risk factors in men with premature coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:1185–1189
  8. Genest JJ, Cohns JS. Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors (Targeting high-risk individuals). Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:8A–20A
  9. Jousilahti P, Tuomilehto J, Vartiainen E, Korhonen HJ, Pitkäniemi J, Nissinen A, et al.  Importance of risk factor clustering in coronary heart disease mortality and incidence in eastern Finland. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1995;2:63–70
  10. Kemper HCG. The Amsterdam Growth Study (A Longitudinal Analysis of Health, Fitness and Lifestyle. HK Sports Science Monograph Series. v. 6). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc; 1995;
  11. Huang TC, Chen CP, Wefler V, Raftery A. A stable reagent for the Lieberman Buchard reaction (Application to rapid serum cholesterol determination). Anal Chem. 1961;33:1405–1407
  12. Abell LL, Levy BB, Brody BB, Kendal FE. Simplified method for the estimation of total cholesterol in serum and demonstration of its specificity. J Biol Chem. 1952;195:357–366
  13. Burstein M, Samaille J. Sur une dosage rapide du cholesterol lié auz-alpha-et aux bétalipoprotéines du serum. Clin Chim Acta. 1960;5:609–611
  14. Schmidt RF, Thews G. Human Physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1983;
  15. Weiner JS, Lourie JA. Human Biology. A Guide to Field Methods. IBP Handbook No. 9. Oxford: Blackwell; 1968;
  16. Kemper HCG, Verschuur R. Maximal aerobic power in 13- and 14-year old teenagers in relation to biological age. Int J Sports Med. 1981;2:97–100
  17. Post GB. Nutrition in Adolescence (A Longitudinal Study in Dietary Patterns from Teenage to Adult. Thesis Agricultural University Wageningen). Haarlem: de vrieseborch; 1989;
  18. Anonymous. Dutch food and nutrition table (in Dutch). Stichting NEVO, Voorlichtingsburo Voor de Voeding; 1985.
  19. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet I-IV. Metabolism. 1965;14:747–787
  20. Verschuur R. Daily Physical Activity and Health. Longitudinal Changes during the Teenage Period. Thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam. Haarlem: de Vrieseborch; 1987;
  21. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Marshall WA, Healy WA, Goldstein H. Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW2 Method). London: Academic Press; 1975;
  22. Kemper HCG, van Mechelen W. Methods of measurements used in the longitudinal study. In:  Kemper HGC editors. The Amsterdam Growth Study (A Longitudinal Analysis of Health, Fitness and Lifestyle. HK Sports Science Monograph Series. v. 6). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc; 1995;p. 28–51
  23. Zeger SL, Liang K-Y. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics. 1986;42:121–130
  24. Lipsitz SR, Laird NM, Harington DP. Generalized estimating equations for correlated binary data (Using the odds ratio as a measure of association). Biometrika. 1991;78:153–160
  25. Twisk JWR. Different statistical models to analyze epidemiological observational longitudinal data (An example from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study). Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(Suppl 3):S216–S224
  26. Gebski V, Leung O, McNeil D, Lunn D, eds. SPIDA User Manual. Version 6. NSW Australia: Macquarie University; 1992.
  27. Raitakari OT, Porkka KVK, VIIkari JSA, Rönnemaa T, Åkerblom HK. Clustering of risk factors for coronary heart disease in children and adolescents. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Acta Paediatr. 1994;83:935–940
  28. Wallace RB, Anderson RA. Blood lipids, lipid related measures, and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Epidemiol Rev. 1987;9:95–119
  29. Pooling Project Research Group . Relation of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events (Final report of the Pooling Project). J Chron Dis. 1978;31:201–306
  30. Barret-Connor E. Obesity, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:1010–1019
  31. Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mellenbergh GJ, van Mechelen W. Relation between the longitudinal development of lipoprotein levels and biological parameters during adolescence and young adulthood in Amsterdam. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50:505–511
  32. Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW, Barlow CE. Influences of cardiopulmonary fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA. 1996;276:205–210
  33. Twisk JWR, van Mechelen W, Kemper HCG, Post GB. The relation between 'long term exposure' to lifestyle during youth and young adulthood and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Adol Health. 1997;20:309–319
  34. Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, van Mechelen W. The longitudinal relation between fitness, activity and coronary heart disease risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exercise. 1997;29:S79
  35. Razay G, Heaton KW, Bolton CH, Hughes AO. Alcohol consumption and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors in British women. Br Med J. 1992;304:80–83
  36. Keil U, Chambes L, Filipiak B, Hartel U. Alcohol and blood pressure and its interaction with smoking and other behavioral variables (Results from the Monica Augsburg Survey 1984–1985). J Hypertens. 1991;9:491–498
  37. Van Horn LV, Ballew C, Liu K, Ruth K, McDonald A, Hilner JE, et al.  Diet, body size and plasma lipids-lipoproteins in young adults (Differences by race and sex). Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:9–23
  38. Preuss HG. Nutrition and diseases of women (Cardiovascular disorders). J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12:417–425
  39. Beaglehole R. International trends in coronary heart disease mortality, morbidity and risk factors. Epidemiol Rev. 1990;12:1–15
  40. Freeman DS, Srinivasan SR, Shear CL, Hunter SM, Croft JB, Webber LS, et al.  Cigarette smoking initiation and longitudinal changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins in early childhood (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124:207–219
  41. Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Snel J. Tracking of cardiovascular risk factors in relation to lifestyle. In: Kemper HCG, ed. The Amsterdam Growth Study: A Longitudinal Analysis of Health, Fitness and Lifestyle. HK Sports Science Monograph Series. v. 6. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc; 1995:203–224.
  42. Handa K, Tanaka H, Shindo M, Kono S, Sasaki J, Arakawa K. Relationship of cigarette smoking to blood pressure and serum lipids. Atherosclerosis. 1990;84:189–193
  43. Jacobs DR, Gottenborg S. Smoking and weight. The Minnesota lipid research clinic. Am J Public Health. 1981;71:391–396
  44. Raitakari OT, Porkka KVK, Rönnemaa T, Knip M, Uhari M, Åkerblom HK, et al.  The role of insulin in clustering of serum lipids and blood pressure in children and adolescents. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Diabetologia. 1995;38:1041–1050

PII: S1047-2797(00)00202-7

Annals of Epidemiology
Volume 11, Issue 3 , Pages 157-165 , April 2001