Original reportThe Association between Gravidity and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Section snippets
Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms
PBC = primary biliary cirrhosis
NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
STD = sexually transmitted diseases
HMO = health maintenance organization
RA = rheumatoid arthritis
OC = oral contraceptive
GVHD = chronic graft versus host disease
Study Population and Data Collection
The details of enrollment of the study population and disease verification as well as the description of the survey instrument for the present analyses have been previously described in detail (19). Briefly, the sample for the present analysis was comprised of female PBC cases identified from an Internet support group and their age- and gender-matched friend controls.
The questionnaire was developed using a series of standardized questions drawn from the NHANES (20). The survey instrument
Demographic Characteristics
A total of 126 PBC cases out of the 182 contacted (69%) responded to the second survey. A total of 141 of the 225 friends named by the cases responded to the survey, for a response rate of 62.6%. As mentioned previously, the present analysis was restricted to the 119 female cases and 134 female controls for whom complete data were available. The mean age of the respondents was 53 years for cases and 54 years for controls (Table 1).
Approximately 98% of the sample identified them as Caucasian.
Discussion
This study is amongst the largest studies of women's health in autoimmunity and is of particular interest to PBC, where such issues have not been studied in detail. Of particular interest in our data was the observation that PBC is associated with an increasing number of pregnancies. This finding was validated in our multivariate analysis. This has not been noted previously in PBC and is consistent with similar data on other autoimmune diseases 11, 12. Cases also had a significantly younger
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health: Grants DK56839 and DK39588.
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Primary biliary cholangitis in pregnancy: A systematic review with meta-analysis
2022, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases InternationalCitation Excerpt :There was no difference in PBC females or controls in overall fertility history, with the odds for never conceiving before in PBC patients being slightly lower (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.69-1.15; P = 0.36; four studies) [17,18,20,22] with low evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 8.67%). Similarly, the odds for ever conceiving in PBC patients were slightly higher (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.87-1.46; P = 0.36; four studies) [17,18,20,22] with low evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 8.67%). The odds for ever smokers were significantly elevated in PBC patients (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.17-3.23; P = 0.01; one study) [17] from a single study.
AISF position paper on liver disease and pregnancy
2016, Digestive and Liver DiseaseCitation Excerpt :Information on PBC and pregnancy in the literature have been obtained by a questionnaire methodology. In particular, the National Health and Nutrition in the USA administered a standardized questionnaire to 182 PBC patients and 225 age- and sex-matched controls [120]. The results of this study showed that there were significantly more pregnancies among the PBC cases than among controls.
Questionnaire based assessment of risk factors for primary biliary cirrhosis
2013, Digestive and Liver DiseasePrimary Biliary Cirrhosis
2011, Gastroenterology Clinics of North AmericaDemographic, lifestyle, medical and familial factors associated with primary biliary cirrhosis
2010, Journal of HepatologyCitation Excerpt :Our data confirm the environmental associations previously reported in the US and UK between PBC and smoking, and PBC and recurrent UTIs, as well as the significantly increased rates of reported PBC and AITD in FDRs of patients with PBC [14,15]. Our results do not support the links previously suggested between PBC and the number of pregnancies [16], and PBC and history of use of HRT [14]. On the contrary, they suggest a possible prophylactic effect of exogenous estrogens on the risk of developing PBC.
The implications of autoimmunity and pregnancy
2010, Journal of Autoimmunity