Annals of Epidemiology
Volume 19, Issue 6 , Pages 423-431 , June 2009

Reemergence of the HIV Epidemic Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, 1996–2005

  • Patrick S. Sullivan, DVM, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Patrick Sullivan, DVM, PhD, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 1518 Clifton Road NE, 4th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30322. Tel.: 404-727-2038.
    • ,
  • Osamah Hamouda, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
    • ,
  • Valerie Delpech, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Jennifer E. Geduld, MHSc

      Affiliations

    • Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
    • ,
  • Joseph Prejean, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
    • ,
  • Caroline Semaille, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Paris, France
    • ,
  • John Kaldor, PhD

      Affiliations

    • University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
    • ,
  • Cinta Folch, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissión Sexual i Sida de Catalunya
    • Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
    • ,
  • Eline Op de Coul, PhD

      Affiliations

    • National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
    • ,
  • Ulrich Marcus, MD

      Affiliations

    • Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
    • ,
  • Gwenda Hughes, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Chris P. Archibald, MD, MHSc

      Affiliations

    • Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
    • ,
  • Francoise Cazein, PharmD

      Affiliations

    • Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Paris, France
    • ,
  • Ann McDonald, MPH

      Affiliations

    • University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
    • ,
  • Jordi Casabona, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissión Sexual i Sida de Catalunya
    • Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
    • ,
  • Ard van Sighem, PhD

      Affiliations

    • HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
    • ,
  • Kevin A. Fenton, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
    • ,
  • The Annecy MSM Epidemiology Study Group

Received 12 October 2008 ,Accepted 3 March 2009.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. MMWR. 1981;30:1–3
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men—New York City and California. MMWR. 1981;30:306–308
  3. Public Health Agency of Canada. HIV/AIDS Epi Updates, November 2007, Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada; 2007.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2006. Vol. 18. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 2007:1-46.
  5. National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research . HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmissible Infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007. National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The University of New South Wales. Sydney, NSW. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2007;
  6. Hall HI, Song R, Rhodes P, Prejean J, An Q, Lee LM, et al. Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. JAMA. 2008;300:520–529
  7. Hamers FF, Downs AM. The changing face of the HIV epidemic in western Europe: what are the implications for public health policies?. Lancet. 2004;364:83–94
  8. CEEISCAT . Sistema integrat de vigilància epidemiològica del l'HIV/sida a Catalunya (SIVES): informe epidemiològic anual 2005. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Salut; 2006;Document Tècnic CEESCAT; 18
  9. Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre SIDA . Vigilancia Epidemiológica del SIDA en España: registro nacional de casos de sida. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; 2007;Informe semestral no. 2
  10. Sullivan PS, Wolitski RJ. HIV infection among gay and bisexual men. In:  Wolitski RJ,  Stall R,  Valdiserri RO editor. Unequal Opportunity: Health Disparities Affecting Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2007;p. 220–247
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men—New York City, 2001. MMWR. 2002;51:853–856
  12. Centers for Disease Control and P . Internet use and early syphilis infection among men who have sex with men—San Francisco, California, 1999–2003. MMWR. 2003;19(52):1229–1232
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Trends in primary and secondary syphilis and HIV infections in men who have sex with men—San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, 1998–2002. MMWR. 2004;53:575–578
  14. Chen JL, Kodagoda D, Lawrence AM, Kerndt PR. Rapid public health interventions in response to an outbreak of syphilis in Los Angeles. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:277–284
  15. Ciesielski CA. Sexually transmitted diseases in men who have sex with men: an epidemiologic review. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2003;5:145–152
  16. Fenton KA, Nicoll A, Kinghorn G. Resurgence of syphilis in England: time for more radical and nationally coordinated approaches. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77:309–310
  17. Fenton KA, Imrie J. Increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men in Western Europe and the United States: why?. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005;19:311–331
  18. Jin F, Prestage GP, Kippax SC, Pell CM, Donovan BJ, Kaldor JM, et al. Epidemic syphilis among homosexually active men in Sydney. Med J Aust. 2005;183:172–173
  19. Wolitski RJ, Valdiserri RO, Denning PH, Levine WC. Are we headed for a resurgence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men?. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:883–888
  20. Lee LM, McKenna MT. Monitoring the incidence of HIV infection in the United States. Public Health Rep. 2006;122(Suppl):72–79
  21. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Miller KE. Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. 2nd ed.. Belmont (CA): PWS-Kent; 1988;
  22. Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000;19:335–351
  23. Neter J, Wasserman W, Kutner MH. Applied Linear Regression Models. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 2004;
  24. Bezemer D, de Wolf F, Boerlijst MC, van Sighem A, Hollingsworth TD, Prins M, et al. A resurgent HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2008;22:1071–1077
  25. Guy RJ, McDonald AM, Bartlett MJ, Murray JC, Giele CM, Davey TM, et al. Characteristics of HIV diagnoses in Australia, 1993–2006. Sex Health. 2008;5:91–96
  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Trends in HIV/AIDS diagnoses among men who have sex with men. MMWR. 2008;57:681–686
  27. Grulich AE, Kaldor JM. Trends in HIV incidence in homosexual men in developed countries. Sex Health. 2008;5:113–118
  28. Le Vu S, Cazein F, Pillonel J, Meyer L, Barin F, Semaille C. Evaluating the EIA-RI assay performance at detecting recent infection among HIV diagnoses in France. August 3–8 Mexico City: XVII International AIDS Conference; 2008;Abstract THAC0103
  29. Bätzing-Feigenbaum J, Loschen S, Gohlke-Micknis S, Kücherer C, Hamouda O. Risk analyses in newly acquired HIV infections—a surveillance instrument with the potential to intensify prevention in line with very recent behavioral and epidemiological dynamics. August 3–8 Mexico City: XVII International AIDS Conference; 2008;Abstract TUPE0290
  30. Glynn MK, Lee LM, McKenna MT. The status of national HIV case surveillance, United States 2006. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(Suppl):63–71
  31. The UK. Collaborative Group for HIV and STI Surveillance. Testing Times. HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United Kingdom. London: Health Protection Agency; 2007;Centre for Infections; November 2007
  32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men—Southern California, 2000. MMWR. 2001;50:117–120
  33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Transmission of primary and secondary syphilis by oral sex—Chicago, Illinois, 1998–2002. MMWR. 2004;53:966–968
  34. Bouyssou-Michel A, Gallay A, Janier M, Dupin N, Halioua B, Alcaraz I, et al. Surveillance de la syphilis en France, 2000-2006: recrudescence des diagnostics en 2006. Bull Epidemiol Heb. 2008;5:39–42
  35. Elford J. Changing patterns of sexual behavior in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006;19:26–32
  36. National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research . HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2006. National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research. Sydney, NSW. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2006;
  37. Marcus U, Voss L, Kollan C, Hamouda O. HIV incidence increasing in MSM in Germany: factors influencing infection dynamics. Euro Surveill. 2006;11
  38. EuroHIV . HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe. Mid-year report 2007. Saint-Maurice: Institut de Veille Sanitaire. 2007;No. 76
  39. Gallagher K, Sullivan PS, Lansky A, Onorato I. Behavioral surveillance among persons at risk for HIV infection in the United States: The National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(Suppl):32–38
  40. Law MG, McDonald AM, Kaldor JM. Estimation of cumulative HIV incidence in Australia based on national case reporting. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1996;20:215–217
  41. Public Health Agency of Canada . Canadian Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance Report. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007;33S1;1-69
  42. Division of STD Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2005 . Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2006;
  43. Jin FY, Prestage G, Law MG, Kippax S, Van de Ven P, Rawsthorne P, et al. Predictors of recent HIV testing in homosexual men in Australia. HIV Med. 2002;3:271–276
  44. Hickson F, Weatherburn P, Reaid, Jessup K, Hammond G. Consuming passions: findings from the United Kingdom Gay Men's Sex Survey 2005, 2007. Available at: http://www.sigmaresearch.org.uk/go.php/reports/gay.
  45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Special Surveillance Report: HIV Testing Survey 2000, 2003. Vol. 1. 1:1–27. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/special-reportVol1No1.htm.
  46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Testing Survey, 2001 . Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Special Surveillance Report Number. 2004;1:1–28
  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . HIV Testing Survey, 2002. Atlanta: U.S.: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004;1-28. HIV/AIDS Special Surveillance Report 5
  48. Sanchez T, Finlayson T, Drake A, Behel S, Cribbin M, Dinenno E, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk, prevention, and testing behaviors—United States, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System: men who have sex with men. November 2003–April 2005 MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006;55:1–16

 The Annecy MSM Epidemiology Study Group is comprised of Debra Hanson, Rongping Zhang, Hillard Weinstock, Timothy D. Mastro, and Richard Wolitski, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Rafa Muñoz, and Nuria Vives, Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissión Sexual i Sida de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Rossie Lugo, Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissión Sexual i Sida de Catalunya and Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Annie M. Velter, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Paris, France; Azhar Nizam, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.

 Required disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the authors' organizations.

PII: S1047-2797(09)00075-1

doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.004

Annals of Epidemiology
Volume 19, Issue 6 , Pages 423-431 , June 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution