Annals of Epidemiology
Volume 19, Issue 11 , Pages 784-792 , November 2009

Leisure-Time Physical Activity is Associated with a Reduced Risk for Metabolic Syndrome

  • Eo Rin Cho, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Management, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Korea
    • Department of Public Health, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
    • Metabolic Syndrome Research Initiatives, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Aesun Shin, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Management, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Korea
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Professor Aesun Shin, National Cancer Center, Cancer Epidemiology Branch, 111 Jungbalsanro Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea. Tel: 82-31-920-2571. Fax: 82-31-920-2579.
  • ,
  • Jeongseon Kim, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Management, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Korea
  • ,
  • Sun Ha Jee, MPH, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Metabolic Syndrome Research Initiatives, Seoul, Korea
    • Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Joohon Sung, MD, MPH, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Management, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Korea
    • Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Received 26 December 2008 ,Accepted 10 June 2009.

References 

  1. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Niskanen LK, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT, Lakka TA. Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:1070–1077
  2. Giovannucci E. Metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, and colon cancer: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:s836–s842
  3. Russo A, Autelitano M, Bisanti L. Metabolic syndrome and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:293–297
  4. Xue F, Michels KB. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer: a review of the current evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:s823–s835
  5. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Fair JM, Fortmann SP, et al. AHA Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: 2002 Update: Consensus Panel Guide to Comprehensive Risk Reduction for Adult Patients Without Coronary or Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases. American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Circulation. 2002;106:388–391
  6. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  7. Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:147–152
  8. Lynch J, Helmrich SP, Lakka TA, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Salonen R. Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1307–1314
  9. Berlin JA, Colditz GA. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132:612–628
  10. Lakka TA, Venalainen JM, Rauramaa R, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1549–1554
  11. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Lynch J, Lakka TA, Niskanen L, Ravramaa R. Cardiorespiratory fitness and vigorous leisure-time physical activity modify the association of small size at birth with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2156–2164
  12. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Salonen JT, Niskamen LK, Ravramaa R, Lakka TA. Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1612–1618
  13. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS, Jacobs DR, Montoye HJ, Sallis JF. Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:71–80
  14. Jee SH, Sull JW, Park J, Lee SY, Ohrr H, Guallar E. Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:779–787
  15. Hong JS, Yi SW, Kang HC, Ohrr H. Body mass index and mortality in South Korean men resulting from cardiovascular disease: a Kangwha cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:622–627
  16. Song YM, Ha M, Sung J. Body mass index and mortality in middle-aged Korean women. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:556–563
  17. Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Mannikko N, Niskanen LK, Ravramaa R. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1279–1286
  18. Rennie KL, McCarthy N, Yazdgerdi S, Marmot M, Brunner E. Association of the metabolic syndrome with both vigorous and moderate physical activity. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:600–606
  19. Halldin M, Rosell M, de Faire U, Hellenius ML. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and association to leisure-time and work-related physical activity in 60-year-old men and women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;17:349–357
  20. Brouwer BG, Visseren FL, van der Graaf Y. The effect of leisure-time physical activity on the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with manifest arterial disease. The SMART Study. Am Heart J. 2007;154:1146–1152
  21. Santos AC, Ebrahim S, Barros H. Alcohol intake, smoking, sleeping hours, physical activity and the metabolic syndrome. Prev Med. 2007;44:328–334
  22. Ekelund U, Brage S, Franks PW, Hennings S, Emms S, Wareham NJ. Physical activity energy expenditure predicts progression toward the metabolic syndrome independently of aerobic fitness in middle-aged healthy Caucasians: the Medical Research Council Ely Study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1195–1200
  23. Holme I, Tonstad S, Sogaard AJ, Larsen PG, Haheim LL. Leisure time physical activity in middle age predicts the metabolic syndrome in old age: results of a 28-year follow-up of men in the Oslo study. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:154
  24. Folsom AR, Jacobs DR, Wagenknecht LE, Winkhart SP, Yunis C, Hilner JE. Increase in fasting insulin and glucose over seven years with increasing weight and inactivity of young adults. The CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:235–246
  25. Liu K, Ruth KJ, Flack JM, Jones-webb R, Burke G, Savage PJ. Blood pressure in young blacks and whites: relevance of obesity and lifestyle factors in determining differences. The CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Circulation. 1996;93:60–66
  26. Carroll S, Cooke CB, Butterly RJ. Metabolic clustering, physical activity and fitness in nonsmoking, middle-aged men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:2079–2086
  27. Whaley MH, Kampert JB, Kohl HW, Blaire SN. Physical fitness and clustering of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:287–293
  28. Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Wilmore JH, Skinner JS, Rao DC, Raniken T. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1703–1709
  29. Franks PW, Ekelund U, Brage S, Wong MY, Wareham NJ. Does the association of habitual physical activity with the metabolic syndrome differ by level of cardiorespiratory fitness?. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1187–1193
  30. Yao CH, Zuo HJ, Kong LZ, Yang XG, Zhai FY. [Relationship between physical activity and metabolic syndrome]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006;86:2099–2104Chinese
  31. Ma G, Luan D, Li Y, Liu A, Hu X, Cui Z. Physical activity level and its association with metabolic syndrome among an employed population in China. Obes Rev. 2008;9(Suppl 1):113–118
  32. Bertrais S, Beyeme-Ondoua JP, Czernichow S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Oppert JM. Sedentary behaviors, physical activity, and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged French subjects. Obes Res. 2005;13:936–944
  33. Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Owen N, Armstrong T, Zimmit PZ, Welborn TA. Associations of TV viewing and physical activity with the metabolic syndrome in Australian adults. Diabetologia. 2005;48:2254–2261
  34. Ford ES, Kohl HW, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Obes Res. 2005;13:608–614
  35. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995;273:402–407
  36. Guidelines for Cancer Prevention. Available at: http://www.cancer.go.kr/cms/checkup/prophylaxis/general/index.html. Accessed December 20, 2008.
  37. Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Morrell CH, Lakatta EG. The metabolic syndrome in older individuals: prevalence and prediction of cardiovascular events: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:882–887
  38. Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti G, Franzoni F. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation. 2000;101:2896–2901
  39. Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Agostino R, Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Saad M. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA. 1998;279:669–674
  40. Robinson LE, Graham TE. Metabolic syndrome, a cardiovascular disease risk factor: role of adipocytokines and impact of diet and physical activity. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004;29:808–829
  41. Kim HM, Park J, Ryu SY, Kim J. The effect of menopause on the metabolic syndrome among Korean women: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:701–706
  42. Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2404–2411
  43. Park HS, Oh SW, Cho SI, Choi WH, Kim YS. The metabolic syndrome and associated lifestyle factors among South Korea adults. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33:328–336
  44. Richardson MT, Ainsworth BE, Wu HC, Jacobs DR, Leon AS. Ability of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)/Baecke Questionnaire to assess leisure-time physical activity. Int J Epidemiol. 1995;24:685–693
  45. Alegria E, Cordero A, Laclaustra M, Grima A, Leon M, Casanovas JA. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Spanish working population: MESYAS registry. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2005;58:797–806
  46. Medina-Lezama J, Zea-Diaz H, Morey-Vargas OL, Bolanos-Salazar JF, Munoz-Atahualpa E, Postigo-MacDowall M. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Peruvian Andean hispanics: the PREVENCION study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;78:270–281
  47. Nakanishi N, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1427–1432
  48. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003;107:391–397
  49. Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, Ford I, O'Reilly DS, Haffner SM. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation. 2003;108:414–419
  50. Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans—a 7-year prospective study. Obes Res. 1997;5:16–23
  51. Sung KC, Ryu S, Reaven GM. Relationship between obesity and several cardiovascular disease risk factors in apparently healthy Korean individuals: comparison of body mass index and waist circumference. Metabolism. 2007;56:297–303

PII: S1047-2797(09)00173-2

doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.06.010

Annals of Epidemiology
Volume 19, Issue 11 , Pages 784-792 , November 2009